Ketosis in Weight Loss Programs

Ketosis and insulin synthesis: what is normal?

 

At the heart of the debate about most low carbohydrate diets are fundamental questions about what is a “normal” diet and how the human body is supposed to operate. These questions can be summarized as follows. Nutritive carbohydrates (starches and sugars) in the diet tend to break down very easily into glucose in the bloodstream (blood sugar) when consumed. Glucose in the blood is used by the cells in the body for energy for their basic function. Excessive amounts of glucose in the blood are toxic to the human body (the reason diabetes causes such serious health problems). In general, unless a meal is very low in starches and sugars the level of glucose will tend to rise to potentially dangerous levels. When this occurs, the pancreas automatically produces insulin to cause the liver to convert glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis) and triglycerides (which can become body fat), thus reducing the blood sugars to safe levels. Diets with a high starch/sugar content, therefore, cause sharp spikes in insulin production. As such the blood sugar levels are highly variable with every meal.

 

By contrast, if the diet is very low in starches and sugars (low-carbohydrate diets) the blood sugar level can fall so low that there is insufficient glucose to fuel the cells in the body. This state causes the pancreas to produce glucagon. Glucagon causes the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose and, once the glycogen stores are exhausted, causes the liver to synthesize ketones (ketosis) and glucose (gluconeogenesis) from fats and proteins, respectively. Most cells in the body can use ketones for energy instead of glucose, and since ketones are easier to produce, only a small amount of glucose is created (in other words, ketosis is the more significant process in this case). Because diets low in starches and sugars do not tend to directly affect blood sugar levels significantly, meals tend to have little direct effect on insulin levels (and so such diets tend to discourage insulin production in general).

 

The diets of most people in modern, so-called western nations, especially the United States contain significant amounts of starches (and, frequently, significant amounts of sugars). As such, the metabolisms of most westerners tend to operate outside of ketosis and tend to involve significant insulin production. This has been regarded by medical science in the last century as being “normal.” Ketosis has generally been regarded as a dangerous (potentially life-threatening) state which unnecessarily stresses the liver and causes destruction of muscle tissues. The view that has been developed is that getting energy more from protein than carbohydrates causes liver damage and that getting energy more from fats than carbohydrates causes heart disease and other health problems. This view is still the view of the majority in the medical and nutritional science communities.

 

Most advocates of low-carbohydrate diets (specifically those that recommend diets similar to the Atkins Diet) argue that this metabolic state (using primarily blood glucose for energy) is not normal at all and that the human body is, in fact, supposed to function primarily in ketosis. They argue that high insulin levels can, in fact, cause many health problems, most significantly, fat storage and weight gain. They argue that the purported dangers of ketosis are unsubstantiated (some of the arguments against ketosis result from confusion between ketosis and ketoacidosis which is a related but very different process). They also argue that fat in the diet only contributes to heart disease in the presence of high insulin levels and that if the diet is instead adjusted to induce ketosis, fat and cholesterol in the diet are not a major concern (although most do not advocate unrestricted fat intake and do advocate avoiding trans fat). Further, whereas insulin in the bloodstream causes storage of food energy, when the body is in ketosis, excess ketones (which contain excess energy) are excreted in the urine and the breath.

 

This debate is on-going and no consensus currently exists.

Protein and Dieting

I am sure that we are all aware of the emphasis that has been placed on consuming protein by many of the popularized diets over the past several years. The Atkins diet is certainly the one that comes to mind. The Arizona Diet also places an emphasis on protein, but also takes into consideration the other important sources of energy, such as carbohydrates. Let’s discuss just what protein is, how do we get it and why it is important.Protein comes to us from several different sources including the meat we eat, plants, and milk products. Arizona Diet products contain ample protein while still supplying our body with enough carbohydrates so our brains function normally. Protein is made up of amino acids. There are twenty amino acids in all. Eight are considered essential amino acids. These essential amino acids must be obtained through food intake. The body cannot normally produce these amino acids itself. That is why they are considered essential. Arizona Diet products contains all the necessary essential amino acids you need on a daily basis. The remainder of the twenty amino acids can be manufactured in our bodies. The body hooks together amino acids using what is called a peptide bond to form proteins. This is done in our cells according to a genetic blueprint for that specific protein. Cool huh? Contrary to popular belief, we can get all the needed essential amino acids from plants, but it is rather difficult to do. Meat is easier, and the Arizona diet is easier still.

Our bodies can actually use protein for energy by doing what is called deamination. This process produces carbon dioxide and urea and this is why our urine sometimes smells funny when we have been eating large amounts of meat. With the Arizona diet, you still get plenty of protein, but you do not go overboard. The problem with using protein as an energy source instead of carbohydrates is that protein is a relatively poor energy source. The other major problem is in dieting. If your body is not getting enough carbohydrates while you diet, it will go after your lean muscle for energy. This is very bad. Your lean muscle is your most metabolically active tissue and it is what helps keep you thin. The Arizona diet helps prevent loss of lean muscle while you lose weight by supplying us with enough carbohydrates and enough protein. It is for this specific reason that I don’t like the Atkins diet. Your body needs some carbohydrates, and good ones, in order to run correctly. The Arizona diet supplies what you need to have complete nutrition while losing weight. Arizona diet product work!

As always, “The key to good dieting is good nutrition.”

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